从零开始了解图式治疗（Schema Therapy）

Punitiveness/Hypercriticalness

The belief that people should be harshly punished for making mistakes. Involves the tendency to be angry, intolerant, punitive, and impatient with those people (including oneself) who do not meet one’s expectations or standards. Usually includes difficulty forgiving mistakes in oneself or others because of a reluctance to consider extenuating circumstances, allow for human imperfection, or empathize with feelings.

惩罚图式指的是相信人们犯了错就要受到严厉的惩罚。对那些没有达到自己期望或标准的人（包括自己），倾向于表现出生气、无法忍受、苛责、没耐心。因为不愿意考虑情有可原的情境，不愿意允许人的不完美，不愿意共情，所以总是难以原谅自己或别人的错误。

苛刻的标准通常表现为以下一种或多种形式：
1）完美主义，过度关注细节，低估了自己相比普通人已经表现得有多好
2）在生活中的许多方面遵循死板的规则和“应该”，包括不现实的高道德感、伦理、文化或宗教观念
3）过分关注时间和效率，总是需要完成得更多

阅读更多

从零开始了解图式治疗（Schema Therapy）

Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness

The underlying belief that one must strive to meet very high internalized standards of behavior and performance, usually to avoid criticism. Typically results in feelings of pressure or difficulty slowing down and in hypercriticalness toward oneself and others. Must involve significant impairment in pleasure, relaxation, health, self-esteem, sense of accomplishment, or satisfying relationships.

Unrelenting standards typically present as (a) perfectionism, inordinate attention to detail, or an underestimate of how good one’s own performance is relative to the norm; (b) rigid rules and “shoulds” in many areas of life, including unrealistically high moral, ethical, cultural, or religious precepts; or (c) preoccupation with time and efficiency, the need to accomplish more.

苛刻标准/吹毛求疵图式指的是拥有根深蒂固的信念，认为一个人必须非常努力，才能达到行为和成绩方面非常高的内化标准，通常是为了避免被批评。这样做导致的典型结果是，感到压力，做事难以慢下来，对自己和他人的苛求。这必然会带来对快乐、放松、健康、自尊、成就感和满意关系方面的破坏。

苛刻的标准通常表现为以下一种或多种形式：
1）完美主义，过度关注细节，低估了自己相比普通人已经表现得有多好
2）在生活中的许多方面遵循死板的规则和“应该”，包括不现实的高道德感、伦理、文化或宗教观念
3）过分关注时间和效率，总是需要完成得更多

阅读更多

从零开始了解图式治疗（Schema Therapy）

Emotional Inhibition

The excessive inhibition of spontaneous action, feeling, or communication, usually to avoid disapproval by others, feelings of shame, or losing control of one’s impulses. The most common areas of inhibition involve: (a) inhibition of anger and aggression; (b) inhibition of positive impulses (e.g., joy, affection, sexual excitement, play); (c) difficulty expressing vulnerability or communicating freely about one’s feelings, needs, and so forth; or (d) excessive emphasis on rationality while disregarding emotions.

情感压抑图式指的是为了避免不被他人认可、羞耻感，或对冲动失去控制，过度抑制自发的行为、感觉、语言交流。常见的抑制有：
1）抑制愤怒和攻击
2）抑制正性冲动（如喜悦、爱恋、性兴奋、玩耍）
3）难以表达脆弱或自由沟通自己的情感、需要等
4）过分强调理性，而忽视感性

阅读更多

从零开始了解图式治疗（Schema Therapy）

Negativity/Pessimism

A pervasive, lifelong focus on the negative aspects of life (pain, death, loss, disappointment, conflict, guilt, resentment, unsolved problems, potential mistakes, betrayal, things that could go wrong, etc.) while minimizing or neglecting the positive or optimistic aspects. Usually includes an exaggerated expectation—in a wide range of work, financial, or interpersonal situations—that things will eventually go seriously wrong or that aspects of one’s life that seem to be going well will ultimately fall apart. Usually involves an inordinate fear of making mistakes that might lead to financial collapse, loss, humiliation, or being trapped in a bad situation. Because they exaggerate potential negative outcomes, these individuals are frequently characterized by chronic worry, vigilance, complaining, or indecision.

消极/悲观图式指的是长期、普遍地关注生活的消极方面（痛苦、死亡、损失、失望、冲突、内疚、怨恨、未解决的问题、可能的失误、背叛、可能做错的事等），同时对乐观、积极的方面予以减弱关注、忽视。通常包括了对工作、财务、人际情境方面夸大的期望，认为事情都会最终变得糟糕，或者现在看起来似乎不错的方面最终都会变得糟糕。拥有这样图式的人经常会有对犯错的过分害怕，会觉得一旦犯错就会引发财务奔溃、损失、耻辱或陷入糟糕的境地。因为总是夸大了消极结果的潜在可能性，他们会经常表现出慢性的担忧、警觉、抱怨或优柔寡断。

阅读更多