图式治疗101:23. 什么是苛刻标准/吹毛求疵图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness

The underlying belief that one must strive to meet very high internalized standards of behavior and performance, usually to avoid criticism. Typically results in feelings of pressure or difficulty slowing down and in hypercriticalness toward oneself and others. Must involve significant impairment in pleasure, relaxation, health, self-esteem, sense of accomplishment, or satisfying relationships.

Unrelenting standards typically present as (a) perfectionism, inordinate attention to detail, or an underestimate of how good one’s own performance is relative to the norm; (b) rigid rules and “shoulds” in many areas of life, including unrealistically high moral, ethical, cultural, or religious precepts; or (c) preoccupation with time and efficiency, the need to accomplish more.

苛刻标准/吹毛求疵图式指的是拥有根深蒂固的信念,认为一个人必须非常努力,才能达到行为和成绩方面非常高的内化标准,通常是为了避免被批评。这样做导致的典型结果是,感到压力,做事难以慢下来,对自己和他人的苛求。这必然会带来对快乐、放松、健康、自尊、成就感和满意关系方面的破坏。

苛刻的标准通常表现为以下一种或多种形式:
1)完美主义,过度关注细节,低估了自己相比普通人已经表现得有多好
2)在生活中的许多方面遵循死板的规则和“应该”,包括不现实的高道德感、伦理、文化或宗教观念
3)过分关注时间和效率,总是需要完成得更多

拥有这一图式的人,可能存在3种适应不良的应对反应:

  • 屈从:例如花费太多时间用于追求完美
  • 回避:例如回避或拖延评判成绩的情境或任务
  • 过度补偿:例如一点也不关心标准——以草率、粗心的方式完成任务

治疗师的策略(有限再抚育):治疗师示范自己在工作和生活之间平衡。治疗师不营造严肃的治疗氛围,而是称赞患者的随意性。治疗师更看重治疗关系,而不是完成任务,并且鼓励患者的不完美行为。

参考
1.^《Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide》,  Jeffrey E. Young,  Janet S. Klosko,  Marjorie E. Weishaar,  The Guilford Press,  2006