从零开始了解图式治疗（Schema Therapy）

Negativity/Pessimism

A pervasive, lifelong focus on the negative aspects of life (pain, death, loss, disappointment, conflict, guilt, resentment, unsolved problems, potential mistakes, betrayal, things that could go wrong, etc.) while minimizing or neglecting the positive or optimistic aspects. Usually includes an exaggerated expectation—in a wide range of work, financial, or interpersonal situations—that things will eventually go seriously wrong or that aspects of one’s life that seem to be going well will ultimately fall apart. Usually involves an inordinate fear of making mistakes that might lead to financial collapse, loss, humiliation, or being trapped in a bad situation. Because they exaggerate potential negative outcomes, these individuals are frequently characterized by chronic worry, vigilance, complaining, or indecision.

消极/悲观图式指的是长期、普遍地关注生活的消极方面（痛苦、死亡、损失、失望、冲突、内疚、怨恨、未解决的问题、可能的失误、背叛、可能做错的事等），同时对乐观、积极的方面予以减弱关注、忽视。通常包括了对工作、财务、人际情境方面夸大的期望，认为事情都会最终变得糟糕，或者现在看起来似乎不错的方面最终都会变得糟糕。拥有这样图式的人经常会有对犯错的过分害怕，会觉得一旦犯错就会引发财务奔溃、损失、耻辱或陷入糟糕的境地。因为总是夸大了消极结果的潜在可能性，他们会经常表现出慢性的担忧、警觉、抱怨或优柔寡断。

拥有这一图式的人，可能存在3种适应不良的应对反应：

• 屈从：例如关注消极方面；忽视积极方面；总是担心；竭尽全力避免任何可能的消极结果
• 回避：例如饮酒以掩饰悲观的感情和不快乐
• 过度补偿：例如过分乐观（“盲目乐观者”）；否认不愉快的现实

治疗师的策略（有限再抚育）：治疗师不是应该让患者用积极的一面取代消极的一面，而是应该让患者既扮演积极的一面，也扮演消极的一面。治疗师扮演健康的乐观主义者。

参考
1.^《Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide》,  Jeffrey E. Young,  Janet S. Klosko,  Marjorie E. Weishaar,  The Guilford Press,  2006