图式治疗101:24. 什么是惩罚图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Punitiveness/Hypercriticalness

The belief that people should be harshly punished for making mistakes. Involves the tendency to be angry, intolerant, punitive, and impatient with those people (including oneself) who do not meet one’s expectations or standards. Usually includes difficulty forgiving mistakes in oneself or others because of a reluctance to consider extenuating circumstances, allow for human imperfection, or empathize with feelings.

惩罚图式指的是相信人们犯了错就要受到严厉的惩罚。对那些没有达到自己期望或标准的人(包括自己),倾向于表现出生气、无法忍受、苛责、没耐心。因为不愿意考虑情有可原的情境,不愿意允许人的不完美,不愿意共情,所以总是难以原谅自己或别人的错误。

苛刻的标准通常表现为以下一种或多种形式:
1)完美主义,过度关注细节,低估了自己相比普通人已经表现得有多好
2)在生活中的许多方面遵循死板的规则和“应该”,包括不现实的高道德感、伦理、文化或宗教观念
3)过分关注时间和效率,总是需要完成得更多

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图式治疗101:23. 什么是苛刻标准/吹毛求疵图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness

The underlying belief that one must strive to meet very high internalized standards of behavior and performance, usually to avoid criticism. Typically results in feelings of pressure or difficulty slowing down and in hypercriticalness toward oneself and others. Must involve significant impairment in pleasure, relaxation, health, self-esteem, sense of accomplishment, or satisfying relationships.

Unrelenting standards typically present as (a) perfectionism, inordinate attention to detail, or an underestimate of how good one’s own performance is relative to the norm; (b) rigid rules and “shoulds” in many areas of life, including unrealistically high moral, ethical, cultural, or religious precepts; or (c) preoccupation with time and efficiency, the need to accomplish more.

苛刻标准/吹毛求疵图式指的是拥有根深蒂固的信念,认为一个人必须非常努力,才能达到行为和成绩方面非常高的内化标准,通常是为了避免被批评。这样做导致的典型结果是,感到压力,做事难以慢下来,对自己和他人的苛求。这必然会带来对快乐、放松、健康、自尊、成就感和满意关系方面的破坏。

苛刻的标准通常表现为以下一种或多种形式:
1)完美主义,过度关注细节,低估了自己相比普通人已经表现得有多好
2)在生活中的许多方面遵循死板的规则和“应该”,包括不现实的高道德感、伦理、文化或宗教观念
3)过分关注时间和效率,总是需要完成得更多

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图式治疗101:22. 什么是情感压抑图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Emotional Inhibition

The excessive inhibition of spontaneous action, feeling, or communication, usually to avoid disapproval by others, feelings of shame, or losing control of one’s impulses. The most common areas of inhibition involve: (a) inhibition of anger and aggression; (b) inhibition of positive impulses (e.g., joy, affection, sexual excitement, play); (c) difficulty expressing vulnerability or communicating freely about one’s feelings, needs, and so forth; or (d) excessive emphasis on rationality while disregarding emotions.

情感压抑图式指的是为了避免不被他人认可、羞耻感,或对冲动失去控制,过度抑制自发的行为、感觉、语言交流。常见的抑制有:
1)抑制愤怒和攻击
2)抑制正性冲动(如喜悦、爱恋、性兴奋、玩耍)
3)难以表达脆弱或自由沟通自己的情感、需要等
4)过分强调理性,而忽视感性

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图式治疗101:21. 什么是消极/悲观图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Negativity/Pessimism

A pervasive, lifelong focus on the negative aspects of life (pain, death, loss, disappointment, conflict, guilt, resentment, unsolved problems, potential mistakes, betrayal, things that could go wrong, etc.) while minimizing or neglecting the positive or optimistic aspects. Usually includes an exaggerated expectation—in a wide range of work, financial, or interpersonal situations—that things will eventually go seriously wrong or that aspects of one’s life that seem to be going well will ultimately fall apart. Usually involves an inordinate fear of making mistakes that might lead to financial collapse, loss, humiliation, or being trapped in a bad situation. Because they exaggerate potential negative outcomes, these individuals are frequently characterized by chronic worry, vigilance, complaining, or indecision.

消极/悲观图式指的是长期、普遍地关注生活的消极方面(痛苦、死亡、损失、失望、冲突、内疚、怨恨、未解决的问题、可能的失误、背叛、可能做错的事等),同时对乐观、积极的方面予以减弱关注、忽视。通常包括了对工作、财务、人际情境方面夸大的期望,认为事情都会最终变得糟糕,或者现在看起来似乎不错的方面最终都会变得糟糕。拥有这样图式的人经常会有对犯错的过分害怕,会觉得一旦犯错就会引发财务奔溃、损失、耻辱或陷入糟糕的境地。因为总是夸大了消极结果的潜在可能性,他们会经常表现出慢性的担忧、警觉、抱怨或优柔寡断。

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图式治疗101:20. 什么是寻求称赞/认可图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Approval-Seeking/Recognition-Seeking

Excessive emphasis on gaining approval, recognition, or attention from other people or on fitting in at the expense of developing a secure and true sense of self. One’s sense of esteem is dependent primarily on the reactions of others rather than on one’s own natural inclinations.

Sometimes includes an overemphasis on status, appearance, social acceptance, money, or achievement as means of gaining approval, admiration, or attention (not primarily for power or control). Frequently results in major life decisions that are inauthentic or unsatisfying or in hypersensitivity to rejection.

寻求称赞/认可图式指的是过分关注于赢得他人的称赞、认可、注意或是否融洽相处,往往以牺牲发展出安全、真实的自我为代价。自尊感主要依赖于他人的反应,而非自己的自然喜好。

有时这包括了对于地位、外表、社会认可或关注(主要不是为了权力或控制)的过度强调。经常会导致对主要生活决策的不信赖、不满意,或是对于拒绝的过分敏感。

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图式治疗101:19. 什么是自我牺牲图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Self-Sacrifice

Excessive focus on voluntarily meeting the needs of others in daily situations at the expense of one’s own gratification. The most common reasons are: to prevent causing pain to others; to avoid guilt from feeling selfish; or to maintain the connection with others perceived as needy. Often results from an acute sensitivity to the pain of others. Sometimes leads to a sense that one’s own needs are not being adequately met and to resentment of those who are taken care of. (Overlaps with concept of codependency.)

自我牺牲图式指的是在日常情境中过度聚焦于自愿满足他人的需要,牺牲自己的满足感。常见的原因是:防止给别人带来痛苦;避免因感到自私而带来内疚;与看着依赖性很强的他人保持连接。经常产生于对他人痛苦的过分敏感。有时会觉得自己的需要没有被充分满足,因而对那些被照顾者产生怨恨(与相互依赖的概念有类似)。

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图式治疗101:18. 什么是屈从图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Subjugation

Excessive surrendering of control to others because one feels coerced—submitting in order to avoid anger, retaliation, or abandonment. The two major forms of subjugation are:
A. Subjugation of needs: Suppression of one’s preferences, decisions, and desires.
B. Subjugation of emotions: Suppression of emotions, especially anger.

Usually involves the perception that one’s own desires, opinions, and feelings are not valid or important to others. Frequently presents as excessive compliance, combined with hypersensitivity to feeling trapped. Generally leads to a buildup of anger, manifested in maladaptive symptoms (e.g., passive–aggressive behavior, uncontrolled outbursts of temper, psychosomatic symptoms, withdrawal of affection, “acting out,” substance abuse).

屈从图式指的是当一个人感觉到受胁迫时,为了避免他人生气、报复自己或遗弃自己,过分地屈从于他人的控制。2类常见的屈从形式是:
A. 抑制需要:压抑自己的喜好、决定与渴望
B. 抑制情绪:压抑自己的情绪,特别是愤怒

通常会持有这样的观点:自己的渴望、观点和感受对别人来说是不正确的、不重要的。经常表现出过度的顺从,会伴有对被欺骗的过度敏感。通常来说,这会导致愤怒的积聚,出现适应不良的症状(如被动-激进的行为,突然不受控制地发脾气、躯体化症状、情感退缩、冲动行事、物质滥用等)

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图式治疗101:17. 什么是缺乏自控/缺乏自律图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline

Pervasive difficulty or refusal to exercise sufficient self-control and frustration tolerance to achieve one’s personal goals or to restrain the excessive expression of one’s emotions and impulses. In its milder form, the patient presents with an exaggerated emphasis on discomfort avoidance: avoiding pain, conflict, confrontation, responsibility, or overexertion at the expense of personal fulfillment, commitment, or integrity.

缺乏自控/缺乏自律图式指的是为了实现个人目标或是抑制过度的情绪冲动而需要自我控制和忍受挫折时,感到普遍的困难,或是干脆拒绝。轻度的表现是:患者过度地回避不适感:回避痛苦、冲突、对抗、责任,以及过度努力,这些回避以牺牲自我满足感、承诺和完整性为代价。

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图式治疗101:16. 什么是权利/夸张图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Entitlement/Grandiosity

The belief that one is superior to other people; entitled to special rights and privileges; or not bound by the rules of reciprocity that guide normal social interaction. Often involves insistence that one should be able to do or have whatever one wants, regardless of what is realistic, what others consider reasonable, or the cost to others; or an exaggerated focus on superiority (e.g., being among the most successful, famous, wealthy) in order to achieve power or control (not primarily for attention or approval). Sometimes includes excessive competitiveness toward or domination of others: asserting one’s power, forcing one’s point of view, or controlling the behavior of others in line with one’s own desires without empathy or concern for others’ needs or feelings.

权利/夸张图式指的是认为自己比他人优秀,享有特殊的权利和优待,或是不受一般社交互动中互惠原则的约束。总是坚持认为自己可以做想做的任何事,无须考虑现实、不管别人认为是否合理,不在乎对别人的代价是什么;过度关注等级优势(要成为最成功、最有名、最富有的人),以获得权力和控制感(而非是为了吸引注意或寻求赞赏)。有时会与他人过度竞争或试图控制他人——维护自己的权力,强加自己的的观点,控制别人的行为以满足自己的愿望,对他人的需求或感受缺乏同理心和关注。

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图式治疗101:15. 什么是失败图式

从零开始了解图式治疗(Schema Therapy)

Failure

The belief that one has failed, will inevitably fail, or is fundamentally inadequate relative to one’s peers in areas of achievement (school, career, sports, etc.). Often involves beliefs that one is stupid, inept, untalented, lower in status, less successful than others, and so forth.

失败图式指的是相信自己一直失败,将来也不可避免地会失败,感到自己在成就(学业、事业、运动等)方面相比同伴都是匮乏的。经常伴有觉得自己是愚蠢的、笨拙的、没有天赋的、低人一等的、不如别人成功的等等。

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